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世界需要怎样的人工智能?国际合作全球治理成为共识******

  中新社北京12月5日电 (记者 孙自法)世界需要怎样的人工智能?12月4日至5日在北京举行的2021人工智能合作与治理国际论坛上,全球人工智能领域的思想领袖和实践者线上线下“云”集一堂,共商人工智能发展大计。论坛开幕式上,国际组织、政府部门和学术界代表就对人工智能的国际合作、全球治理形成共识。

  联合国助理秘书长、秘书长技术事务特使办公室主管官员玛丽亚·弗朗切斯卡·斯帕托利萨诺表示,人工智能是联合国秘书长发布的《数字合作路线图》中提到的关键数字挑战之一。作为一项能够带来真正变革的技术,人工智能的应用也伴随着严峻挑战。在充分发挥人工智能益处的同时,需要在全球范围内进行更好的引导与合作。

  她说,联合国秘书长在《我们的共同议程》报告中强调了要加强人工智能领域的全球监管,提议要建立一个由多重利益攸关方参与的全球人工智能合作新机构,特别强调要纳入全球南方国家及其观点的重要性。“我们必须共同努力建立普惠包容、反应迅速、且行之有效的全球合作架构,以此应对人工智能带来的各项挑战”。

  中国科技部副部长李萌指出,中国秉持科技向善,高度重视人工智能治理。他认为,未来,人工智能治理要倡导敏捷治理理念,实现人工智能发展与安全的平衡;倡导包容共享理念,实现不同群体共享智能红利的平衡;倡导可持续发展理念,实现智能化与绿色化的平衡;倡导人类命运共同体理念,实现差异发展与合作共赢的平衡。

  在中国工信部副部长徐晓兰看来,在“互联网+人工智能”的驱动下,人类的生活方式发生着深刻变革;在“工业互联网+人工智能”的驱动下,产业的生产方式将发生深刻变革,人工智能还将深刻影响社会治理的现代化进程。她说,中国工信部已组建智能传感器、智能网联汽车等国家制造业创新中心,推动北京等8个人工智能创新应用先导区建设等,未来还将携手相关各方,在共促人工智能持续健康发展、共建包容共享的人工智能治理规则、共创国际合作新局面等方面大力合作,为推动人工智能国际治理体系建设贡献中国智慧。

  图灵奖得主、清华大学交叉信息研究院院长姚期智指出,随着人工智能与经济社会的相互嵌入,保持科学技术与经济社会发展之间的良性互动与协同越来越重要,这就需要做好人工智能技术开发、应用与治理之间的平衡。然而,人工智能对数字经济时代的隐私保护和数据安全也提出挑战,不断精进的算法、高效的算力和隐私保护是人工智能理论的新方向。他认为,“平衡包容”的人工智能治理体系的建构,将进一步释放人工智能的潜能,更大程度地保证人工智能的安全性。

  作为本次论坛国际支持机构,联合国开发计划署驻华代表白雅婷表示,人工智能在疫情应对、抗击气候变化中都发挥着重要作用。与此同时,人工智能也存在算法偏见和侵犯个人隐私等风险。随着人工智能应用在世界各地愈加普及,需要就公平道德的人工智能治理体系的构建路径达成共识,国际合作至关重要。因此,要确保围绕人工智能开展的对话真正具有全球性,让每个国家都有机会发声。

  “人工智能是第四次工业革命的标志性技术,智能时代的‘大门’已经缓缓开启。”论坛主办方、清华大学校长邱勇指出,人工智能治理必须协同多元主体、兼顾多维目标、融合多元价值,加强全球合作与对话,构建平衡包容的人工智能治理体系。大学作为人类科技文明的重要策源地,不仅要在人工智能基础理论与技术前沿努力突破创新,也要践行科技向善的文化理念,塑造良善的人工智能价值与伦理,推动建立科学合理的人工智能国际治理体系。

  他说,清华大学高度重视人工智能领域的研究和教育,已先后成立人工智能研究院、智能产业研究院、人工智能国际治理研究院、智能社会治理研究院。清华大学将继续发挥多学科优势,努力在人工智能治理领域发挥更大作用。(完)

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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