如何判断自己是复阳还是二次感染?感染过奥密克戎的人群对XBB、BQ.1是否还有保护力?******
近期,有关新冠复阳、二次感染的话题引起网友热议,有些网友对此存在忧虑情绪。上海中医药大学附属龙华医院肺病科主任医师薛鸿浩对相关问题作出回答。
薛鸿浩解释,复阳是指感染者体内残存的病毒延迟性排出,这些病毒来源于第一次病毒感染;而二次感染是第一次感染康复后被另外一个来源的新冠病毒感染,这些病毒来源于外部感染。一般复阳都是发生在康复之后一个月内,通过核酸PCR检出病毒片段。如果已经超过一个月,核酸又呈阳性,则再感染的可能性比较大,二次感染相隔时间比较久,一般要几个月。
据介绍,复阳与二次感染之间症状也存在区别:复阳阶段症状都已经恢复好转,不需要医学上的治疗干预,病毒核酸处于偶尔能检出的状态。因为抗原的灵敏性比核酸低,用抗原检测试剂可能就检不出来。但是二次感染则不同,病毒会经历一个完整的感染周期,包括病毒载量上升、平台维持、下降和消失,因此二次感染病毒浓度会很高,抗原就能连续性被检出,通常会是非常明显的两条杠,也会有不舒服的症状。
薛鸿浩说,如果要简单区别是复阳或是二次感染,可通过使用抗原检测试剂。在彻底康复一周或两周后,如果怀疑二次感染,可用抗原剂连续检测三天。如果检测结果是阳性,则可能是二次感染。复阳一般很难检出残余的病毒片段,就算偶尔被检出,一般也不会是一直连续的阳性结果。
那么什么样的人群容易出现复阳或二次感染呢?薛鸿浩表示,在免疫功能正常的人群里,发生复阳或者二次感染的概率都是很低的。一般免疫功能正常的患者感染康复之后,可以获得3到6个月以上的保护力。在这段时间内发生二次感染的概率也非常低,只有当免疫保护力变低时才可能发生二次感染。如果是新的病毒变异株,变异株可以打破第一次感染形成的免疫保护,就容易发生二次感染。
此外,也有市民关心,不同毒株是否会造成重复感染或是更容易复阳?目前来看在我国还是以BA.5.2、BF.7为主,BQ.1和XBB尚未形成优势传播,但其传播优势会逐渐增加,和BA.5.2和BF.7以及其他50多个输入的亚分支,可能会形成一个共循环。XBB.1.5 的感染者ACE2结合亲和力几乎与 BA.2.75 相当,可能使 XBB.1.5未来像BA.2.75一样获得更多突变,不过XBB.1.5目前免疫压力不大,还不会很快进化。
薛鸿浩介绍,如果遇到这几种毒株,再次感染的概率主要取决于两方面:一方面是再次遇到的毒株与BA.5和BF.7有多少重叠,如果病毒一直变异,交叉保护作用降低了则可能造成感染;另一方面则是看人自身抗体水平,尽管感染新冠后短时间内比如三到四个月内不会感染,但不可否认的是,新毒株流行或缩短二次感染“安全窗口”,接种疫苗仍然是最主要的预防手段。
据了解,对于复阳和二次感染,中医药学说中也有对应理论可供参考。伏邪理论始源于《素问.生气通天论》中“冬伤于寒,春必温病”的论述,是指在冬天伤于寒邪,内有正气不足,在春天发为温病,与新冠二次感染的概念比较相像;《伤寒论中》又有“伤寒感复”的说法,瘥后伏热未尽,复感新邪,其病复作;中医学中也有“劳复”“房劳”“食复”的描述,提示阳康后的患者应当注意饮食作息以防疾病的复发。
薛鸿浩指出,中医药理论中伏邪、感复的理论与复阳、二次感染存在相符合或重叠之处,尤其在发病的认识上一者注重机体免疫力,一者注重人体正气,在提高人体对病毒的抵抗力层面上基本一致。且中医药在治疗及预防新冠上也有独到之处,日常生活锻炼、饮食作息是中医着重的部分,如平时要注意防寒保暖、清淡饮食、作息规律,保持平和心态、不要太过焦虑;要加强运动,可以通过八段锦、六字诀、太极拳等中国传统功法适度锻炼,增强体质,提高免疫力;还可通过中药或食疗调理身体的阴阳平衡,从而提高免疫功能,防治病毒。如体质偏气虚的成年人尤其老年人可适当服用西洋参、黄芪等,脾虚湿重体质者可服用薏米等健脾化湿的中药或食品。(记者 郜阳)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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